Vowels in this context refers to: a e i o u y (including upper case)

That's already there. If any other variation (like á, à, ä or whatever) would be allowed, it should be stated, but imo it's clear as it is.

Please specify that it's only about ASCII vowels.

You sly cheater! 😜
But indeed, the test suite should be improved so that your solution is rejected.

Don't mark "Issue" for stating your personal preferences, use "Suggestion" instead.

Will you do maintenance on kata's with language-specific blocks in the description? .. right, I didn't think so. Feel free to add a suggestion, go to GitHub or Discord to make your case.

I don't like that there's a column named id and no mention of it. It disables the solution starting with SELECT love.*,.

As a general remark, adding SQL-specific requirements as a comment in the solution template is a practice with poor usability. I suggest Codewars let translations (as well as original kata statements) consist of the universal part and a language-specific one.

The specification doesn't say which way the cycles should go. If they were reversed, that would also be a correct solution, yet probably failing the tests.

What @Dmitry-k42 described is actually an issue. Category names are used in the tests not only for tie breaking at the last (5th) places, but also for ordering the otherwise tied rows in the result. See my solution. The description (updated after @Volie's issue) requires the "name" in the inner ORDER BY clause, but not the outer. Yet, the order of such rows is arbitrary without it, which may fail your tests.

Even the random ones somehow have never hit this case for me.

Why the _ = X?

I can explain. Unfortunately, quality checking on Codewars is poor, people can rate katas and raise issues, but it's up to the author's ability to understand what's wrong and their good will (which they may lack even if they clearly understand and know how to correct, having been politely informed – happened to me, so I don't want to do it anymore until the Codewars team come up with some improvement to the process (I do have some ideas) (but unlikely, as they have serious issues reported on GitHub and unsolved for almost 10 years, like the one that you can try to see your friend's or your own solution which definitely exists (as shown by Codewars elsewhere) but it's not there)). One of the most common problems is that tests test for too little (and often also too much) and allow much easier incorrect solutions to pass. (One of my ideas: allow others to write tests and earn honor points thereby, with some verification, e.g. by some supermajority of votes, perhaps weighted by voters' honor (a ninja could use proposed but yet unverified tests as an option, not required to pass the kata, but potentially useful).)

This isn't guaranteed to work. For sort to return a permutation of the elements to sort it's required (per https://tc39.es/ecma262/multipage/indexed-collections.html#consistent-comparator) for the passed function to be a consistent comparator. One of the conditions is that 0 must be returned when the same argument is passed in both position. With yours it's -1 when a and b are 0.

WOW, nice one :)